قنوات الصرف الصحي في ضوء نتائج التنقيبات الأثرية الحديثة

1. Al-Azami Muhammad Taha, Defensive Walls and Fortifications in Ancient Iraqi

Architecture, PhD thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Arts - Department of Archeology - University of Baghdad, 1992, p. 157.

2. Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariya Muhyi al-Din ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH), Al-Majmu', Dar al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, n.d., vol. 1, p. 315.

3. Al-Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim Sulayman ibn Ahmad (d. 360 AH), Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat, edited by the Research Department of Dar al-Haramayn, Dar al-Haramayn for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Riyadh, (1415 AH/1995 CE), vol. 7, p. 215.

4. Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Isa Muhammad ibn Isa (d. 279 AH), Sunan al-Tirmidhi al-Jami' al-Sahih, edited and corrected by Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Uthman, 2nd edition, Dar al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, (1403 AH/1983 CE), vol. 4, p. 198.

5. Ibn Manzur, Abu al-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram, Lisan al-Arab, bib article, Beirut, 1954-1956, p. Ibn Sayyidah, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Ismail al-Andalusi, al-Mukhass, undated, folder 1-5, Beirut; Ahmed, Reda, Dictionary of the Language Text, Beirut, 1958, p. 363.

6. Safar, Fuad, Excavations of the Directorate of Antiquities at Tell Hassuna, Sumer Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 15.

7. Surah Al-Ma'idah Ayah 6.

8. Surah An-Nisa, Ayah 43

9. Tal Hassuna is located in the Al-Shura district of Nineveh Governorate, (32 km) south of Mosul. It was excavated by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities in the years 1943-1944. The Tal is small in area, its area is estimated at (200×150 m), and the highest point is raised above the adjacent plain by approximately (7) meters. For further information, see: Baqir, Taha, Introduction to the History of Ancient Civilizations, "A Concise History of the Civilization of Mesopotamia," Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiya, Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad, 2nd ed., 1976, p. 210; Saggs, Harry, The Power of Assyria,

10. translated by Amer Suleiman, Scientific Academy Press, Baghdad, 1999, pp. 28-29.

11. Suleiman, Muwaffaq Jirjis, Architecture of the Ancient Iraqi House in Prehistoric Times, unpublished Master's thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts - Department of Archaeology, 1976, pp. 156-157.

12. Elizabeth Stone; Paul Zimanski “Survey and Excavation of the Rocky Tell Settlement near Ur from the First Sea Dynasty (1721-1430 BC)”, translated by Dr. Abdul Amir Al-Hamdani, Sumer Magazine, Issue 67, 2021 AD, Iraq - Baghdad, p. 31.

13. It is a raised area of land located south of the Ziggurat of Ashur. Locally, it was called al-Majannah because it was used as a cemetery by the surrounding inhabitants. Al-Majannah, with a fatha on the mim and jim and a shadda on the nun, means cemetery. This term is used locally in western Iraq, the Levant, Yemen, Algeria, and Libya for a cemetery in general, or specifically for children's graves. Egyptians use synonyms for it, such as Jabbanaha, city, and others. (Arabic Language Academy, Al-Mu'jam al-Wasit, Madbouli Library, 4th ed., 2004 CE/1425 AH, p. 49).

14. Al-Douri, Riyad; Rashid, Qais Hussein; Hamza Hussein Ali, "Iraqi Archaeological Excavations in the City of Ashur, 1999-2000," Sumer Journal, Vol. 56, 2011, pp. 111-121

15. The word "maskan" is Akkadian and means dwelling or settlement, and it corresponds to the meaning in Arabic. (Hassan al-Najafi, Dictionary of Terms and Figures in Ancient Iraq, Dar Wasit, n.d., p. 133).

16. Archaeological Sites in Iraq, General Directorate of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1970 AD, p. 75.

17. Ali, Hussein Obeid, Annual Report, First Season of the Excavation Mission at Tell Maskin in 2008, Ministry of State for Tourism and Antiquities, General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage, Department of Investigations and Excavations, 2009, p. 1.

18. Ali , Annual Report P 9-10.

19. Ali, Annual Report , P.10.

20. AL Fityan, Ahmed Malik; Abdullah, Zuhair Rajab, 7 years old in Tal Aswad, Baghdad, 1979, FG.3 pL.54, p217

21. Ali, Hussein Ubaid, First Season of Tal Maskan mission , 2008 , p 3.

22. Ali, Hussein Ubaid, First Season of Tal Maskan mission , 2008 , p 3.

23. Ali, First Season of Tal Maskan mission , 2008 , p 3.

24. Ali al-Bir Jibril, Excavations of Fustat, p. 2; Shafi'i, Farid, Arab Architecture in Egypt, p. 316

25. Archaeological Sites in Iraq, General Directorate of Antiquities, Al-Jumhuriya Press, Baghdad, 1970, p. 76.

26. For more information, see: Al-Tamimi, Najat Ali Mohammad, Residential houses discovered in the city of Harbi in light of modern archaeological excavations 1999-2002 AD, p. 13.

27. Ali, Hussein Obeid, Results of the Excavations of the City of Harbi - Fourth Season 2002 AD Unpublished 9-H/T Scientific Documentation Department at the General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad, 2002 AD, p. 16.

28. Ali, Results of the Excavations of the City of Harbi - Fourth Season 2002 AD Unpublished 9-H/T Scientific Documentation Department at the General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad, 2002 AD, p. 16.

29. Archaeological Sites in Iraq..., p. 181.

30. Elewi, Mustafa Qais, Master's Thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Archaeology – Al-Qadisiyah University, Al-Qadisiyah, 2025, p.

31. General Survey Directorate, CAD STROW Map of the Daylam District, District 18, Azraqiyah, Baghdad, 1945.

32. AL Rawi, Nazir Abdullah Ali, “Investigation and Excavation in the Archaeological Hashimiyah of Anbar for the Four Seasons,” Unpublished Report, General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage – Scientific Documentation Department, Baghdad 2002, pp. 11-12.

33. Al-Banna, Ibn al-Rami Abu Abdullah Muhammad Abd al-Rahman ibn Ibrahim al-Lakhmi (d. 735 AH), Al-I’lan bi-Ahkam al-Bunyan, edited by Abd al-Rahman ibn Manih al-Atram, Riyadh, 1995, p. 211; Rashid, Qais Hussein, Al-Hashimiyya, the forgotten capital of the Abbasids, pp. 152-154, Dar al-Jawahir for Publishing and Distribution, Baghdad, 2016, p. 18.

34. Issa, Jabbar Ubaid, Final Report of Excavation Mission 52, East Shuaiba, General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage, Department of Investigations and Excavations, 1444 AH/2023 AD.

35. Rashid, Qais Hussein, Al-Hashimiyah: The Forgotten Abbasid Capital, pp. 152-154, Dar Al-Jawahir for Publishing and Distribution, Baghdad, 2016, p. 18.

36. The Tal al-Shuaiba, Al-Waqai’ al-Iraqiya Gazette, No. 955, dated May 23, 1964. Archaeological Sites in Iraq..., p. 46.