الكيان السياسي لمملكة آمورو ودورها في التوازنات الدولية
في الألف الثاني قبل الميلاد
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65074/ckvcq432Keywords:
Geographical location, administrative system, economic system, political system, kings of the Amurru kingdom.Abstract
The Kingdom of Amurru was one of the important kingdoms in Syria during the second millennium BC. Its geographical location between ancient Egypt and the Hittite Empire necessitated a flexible policy. Its kings relied on shifting alliances and diplomatic maneuvering to ensure their survival. This approach began with King Abdi-Ashir and continued with King Aziru, reaching King Shaush-Jamua. Amurru benefited from periods of peace between major powers to achieve economic and commercial prosperity. It also established strong relations with coastal kingdoms such as Ugarit, Byblos, and Sidon. Its location made it an important center for trade between East and West. However, this political flexibility made it vulnerable to international pressures and fluctuations. Thus, Amurru represented a model of middle-income entities that relied on diplomacy rather than force. Ultimately, it was affected by the decline of major powers and the rise of Assyrian influence in the region. Based on this premise, the aim of this research is to study the political developments of the Kingdom of Amurru from its inception until the end of King Shaush-Jamua's reign, focusing on its relations with Egypt, the Hittites, and Ugarit. Byblos, and an analysis of historical documents and diplomatic treaties that reveal the nature of these relations, and their impact on shaping the political map of Syria during the second millennium BC.
References
1- احمد أرحيم هبو، تاريخ سورية القديمة (بلاد الشام)، دار الحكمة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، الموصل، 1993.
2- الصليبي، كمال، تاريخ لبنان الحديث، دار النهار للنشر، بيروت، 1988.
3- جيهان عزت محمد، أخبار مملكة آمورو في النصوص الأكدية، المديرية العامة للآثار والمتاحف- مركز باسل للبحث والتدريب الأثري، دمشق 2011.
4- طه باقر، مقدمة في تاريخ الحضارات القديمة (حضارة وادي النيل وبلاد الشام)، ج2، دار الوراق، بغداد، 1956.
5- عيد مرعي؛ وعبد الله فيصل، تاريخ الوطن العربي القديم (بلاد الرافدين)، منشورات جامعة دمشق، دمشق، 1999.
6- عبد القادر بناي، حضارة بلاد الشام في العصر البرونزي المتأخر، دار الفكر، دمشق، 2012.
7- فاروق إسماعيل، مراسلات العمارنة الدولية (وثائق مسمارية من القرن 14 ق.م)، دار إنانا، دمشق، 2010.
8- فاروق، إسماعيل، معاهدات الملك الحيثي شوبيلوليوما الأول، مجلة جامعة الملك سعود، مجلد21، الرياض، 2009.
9- قتيبة، الشهابي، معجم المواقع الأثرية في سورية، دمشق، 2005.
10- كتشن، كنت.أ، رمسيس الثاني فرعون المجد والانتصار، ترجمة: احمد زهير أمين، دار الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1997.
11- كلينغل هورست، تاريخ سوريا السياسي (3000-300ق.م)، ترجمة: سيف الدين دياب دار المتنبي للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، دمشق، 1998.
المصادر الأجنبية:
1- Aron, A., Burke, the Amorites and the bronze ago near east (the making of aregional identity), Cambridge University Press, 2021.
2- Astour, C., Michael, the political and cultural Role of Amurru in the late bronze age, E. J. Brill, Leiden _ Netherlands, 1969.
3- Beckman, Gary, Hittite diplomatic texts, Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1999.
4- Bryce, Trevor, Letters of the great kings of the ancient east, Routledge, 2003.
5- Bryce, Trevor, the kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
6- Breasted, J.H., ancient records of Egypt, VOL, II, University of Chicago Press, 2019.
7- Drower, M.S., Syria 1550-1400 B.C. in the ancient history, VOL. II., Part1, Cambrigde University Press, Cambridge, 1973.
8- Goetze, A., the struggle for the domination of Syria (1400-1300 B.C), the Cambridge ancient history, VOL II., Part2, Cambridge, 1975.
9- James, B., Pritchard, ancient near eastern texts relating to the old testament, Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey, 1969.
10- Jorgen Alexander Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln,band 1, J. C. Hinrichs Buchhandlung, Germany, 1960.
11- Kitchen, A., Kenneth, Pharaoh triumphant: the life and times of ramesses II, Aris& Phillips Ltd, England, 1982.
12- Liverani, Mario, international relations in the ancientnear east (1600-1100 B.C), Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2001.
13- Lzreel, Shlomo, Amurru Akkadian: ALinguistic study, Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1991.
14- Moran, L., William, the Amarna letters, the johns Hopkins University Press, London, 1992.
15- Roux, Georges, ancient Iraq, Penguin books, London, 1992.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Journal of Studies in History and Archeology, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
