اوضاع البرتغال الداخلية واثرها في قيام الانقلاب العسكري
(1910- 1974 )
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65074/fhvyna60Keywords:
البرتغالAbstract
The monarchy in Portugal was characterized by absolute power, lacking popular representation until Portuguese revolutionaries succeeded in terminating it. This transition began with the assassination of King Carlos I (1889–1908) and culminated in the final overthrow of the monarchy in 1910, marking the proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic. Although the Republic aimed to establish a parliamentary system and conduct elections, the persecution of the Catholic clergy and church supporters created a deep schism within Portuguese society and even among national republican parties. This generated a state of political turmoil that prompted military officers to declare military rule in 1915. Consequently, Portugal entered a phase of political instability, shifting from a democratic path toward a dictatorship, which eventually led to the military coup of 1974.
Keywords: Europe, Portugal, Internal Developments, Military Coup.
Objectives Of the Study
The study aims to shed light on the internal political events in Portugal during the Republican era. It examines the conflicts between various Portuguese political factions that led to numerous disturbances and demonstrations during the period under study.
Significance of the Study
The importance of this study lies in understanding the conditions in Portugal during the First Republic and the ensuing unrest. These events encouraged the emergence of political parties as active elements in the country and fueled the political discord between military and civilian sectors, directly impacting Portugal's internal stability.
Study questions
The study is addressed through the following sections:
Section I: Portugal from Republic to Dictatorship (1910–1933).
-Section II: The "Estado Novo" (New State) and the Occurrence of the Coup (1933–1974).
Study Hypothesis
The study operates on the hypothesis that the monarchical system in Portugal contributed to the deterioration of internal conditions, which subsequently reflected negatively on the state of affairs and facilitated the military coup.
Study topics
The study's main themes are as follows:
Section 1: Portugal from Republic to Dictatorship (1910-1933)
Section 2: The New State and the Coup (1933-1974).
Study Methodology
The study adopts the historical-descriptive methodology, relying on foreign primary and secondary sources to identify the root causes of Portugal's internal conditions and their impact on the eruption of the military coup.
Study Problem
The research problem is defined by the period following the fall of the monarchy in 1910, seeking to understand the reasons for its collapse and the challenges faced by the subsequent regime. It further investigates the 1974 military coup, marking the military institution's takeover of national governance amidst deteriorating conditions and escalating domestic crises
References
الهوامش:
1- Joao M. Tomas dos Anjos, "The First and Second Republic (1910-1974)",26,March,2010,P.1, www.history_of_portugal.blogspot.com
2- Douglas L. Wheeler and Walter C. Opello, Historical Dictionary of Portugal, U.S.A, 2010, P.16.
3- Manuel Baioa, "Paulo Jorge Fernandes and Filipe Ribeiro Manses, The Political history of twentieth century Portugal", E- Journal of Portuguese History, Volume 1, Number 2, 2003, P. 3.
4- omas dos Anjos, Op.Cit, P. 2.
5- Ibid
6- Baioa, Fernandes and Manses, Op.Cit, P. 3.
7- Tomas dos Anjos, Op.Cit, P.P.3-4
8- Baioa, Fernandes and Manses, Op.Cit, P.6.
9- Tomas dos Anjos, Op.Cit, P.5
10- Baioa, Fernandes and Manses, Op.Cit,P.6
11- Wheeler and Opello, OP.Cit, P.18
12- Tomas dos Anjos, Op.Cit, P.P. 3-4.
13- Baioa, Fernandes and Meneses, Op.Cit, P. 7.
14- Antonio Castapinto, Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society and Culture, New York, 2011, P.P. 193-194.
15- Robinson, Op.Cit, P. 59.
16- Peter Robinson, "Portugal 1974-1975: The Forgotten dream, Socialist history occasional papers", Series No. 9, 1999, P.P. 5-6.
17- Robinson, Workers Councils Portugal, P. 59.
18- Jose Javier Olivas Osuna, "The deep roots of the carnation: Years of military interventionism in Portugal", Portuguese Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 13, Number 2, Portugal, 2014, P. 223.
19- Robinson, Portugal 1974-1975, P.P. 5-6.
20- Robinson, Workers Councils Portugal, P. 61.
21- Raquel Varela, "The Portuguese Communist Party and the labor movement in the beginning of the carnation Revolution (April- Septem ber 1974)", Twentieth Century Communism, Issue 3, 2011, P. 93.
22- Osuna, Op.Cit, P. 224.
23- Robinson, Portugal 1974-1975, P. 7.
24- Paul Krugman and Jorge Braga de Macedo, "The economic consequences of the April 25th revolution", Center discussion paper, No. 326, Yale University, 1979,P.P. 2-3
25- Raquel Varela, "The PCP in the Portuguese Revolution 1974-1975: Crisis, State and Revolution", International Socialism, Issue. 157, 2018, P. 1.
26- Kenth Maxwell, The transition in Portugal, Working paper, Number 81, The Wilson Center, Washington, 1982, P.2.
27- Klaus F. Zimmermann, European Migration what do we know?, Oxford University, 2005, P. 421.
References
1- Anjos, J, "The First and Second Republic (1910-1974)", 26 March, ,2010 www.history_of_portugal.blogspot.com.
2- . Baioa, Manuel Paulo, Fernandes ,Jorge; Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses, “The Political History of Twentieth-Century Portugal”, E-Journal of Portuguese History, Brown University,Volume 1, number 2,2003 .
3- Cooke, Simon The Response of the Labor government to the Revolution of carnation's in Portugal 1974-1976, University College London, 2014.
4- Kenneth ,Maxwell ,The transition in Portugal, Working paper, Number,81 The Wilson Center, Washington.
5- Krugman Paul and Jorge Braga de Macedo "The economic consequences of the April 25th revolution", Center discussion paper, No. 326, Yale University.
6- Osuna , José Javier Olivas, "The deep roots of the carnation: 150 Years of military interventionism in Portugal", Portuguese Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 13, Number 2, Portugal, 2014.
7- Pinto ,Antonio Costa, Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society and Culture, New York, 2011.
8- ROBINSON ,PETER, Portugal 1974-1975: The Forgotten dream, Socialist history occasional papers", Series No. 9,
9- Robinson, Peter Forbes. Workers' Councils In Portugal 1974-1975. Open University (United Kingdom), 1990.
10- Varela ,Raquel "The Portuguese Communist Party and the labor movement in the beginning of the carnation Revolution (April- September 1974)", Twentieth Century Communism, Issue 3
11- Varela, Raquel "The PCP in the Portuguese Revolution 1974-1975: Crisis, State and Revolution", International Socialism, Issue.157
12- Wheeler, Douglas L., and Opello Jr, Walter C.. Historical dictionary of Portugal. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010.
13- Zimmermann ,Klaus F.,European Migration what do we know?, Oxford University, 2005
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